requests —— 基本用法

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请求类型

requests可以用一句话来处理请求的类型。

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r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

GET请求

基本使用

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import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/get'
r = requests.get(url)
print(type(r)) # <class 'requests.models.Response'>
print(r.text)
print(type(r.text)) # <class 'str'>
print(r.content)
print(type(r.content)) # <class 'bytes'>
print(r.content.decode())
print(r.status_code) # 状态码
print(r.headers) # 响应头
print(type(r.headers))
print(r.cookies)
print(type(r.cookies)) # <class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'>
print(r.url)
print(r.history) # 得到请求历史

GET请求添加参数

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import requests

data = {
    'name':'David',
    'age':22
}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=data)
print(response.text) # 返回的是'str'类型，并且是JSON格式
print(response.json())
print(type(response.json())) # 返回的是'dict'类型
'''
{
  "args": {
    "age": "22", 
    "name": "David"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.21.0"
  }, 
  "origin": "61.171.88.179, 61.171.88.179", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?name=David&age=22"
}
'''

添加请求头

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import requests

url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'

# 直接请求
response = requests.get(url)
print(response.status_code) # 400，不添加请求头的情况下，知乎会禁止你访问

# 添加请求头
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.86 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get(url,headers=headers) # 添加请求头
print(response.status_code) # 200

抓取二进制数据

抓取图片、音频、视频等文件是二进制数据

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import requests

url = 'https://static.zhihu.com/static/favicon.ico'

response = requests.get(url)
print(response.text) 
# 乱码
# If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
# 编码格式没有设置的话，靠猜
print(response.text.encode('utf-8')) # 就与content返回的数据一样
print(response.content) # 二进制数据 bytes类型 无论怎么样最好都使用content

with open('zhihu.ico','wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)

POST请求

基本实例

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import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
data = {
    'name':'David',
    'age':'22'
}

response = requests.post(url,data=data)
print(response.content)
print(response.content.decode('utf-8'))

# 返回结果中的form部分就是我们提交的数据，这就证明了post请求成功了